O ' . . s "■ 









<£°* 





o « a 



• ♦. s 



*.,-!* 



, 

\ 
-/- 






^ 



c 












^ 4$ 



* o „ o <f, 



^ 



t • o. 






.0 









- o. 



.-&. 



v." 



<*. 4 ' e ' 1 * * .. *> SN <* 




*£> ^ 









V 



* rA 












A 



iq 



^ 






' 1 A 'V 



o* .A 1 - 



< 



V 



V 






<v 



^f ; 






o 






■ 

A 

^ A <■ > « <^ 










y" 1 







O > 






jP^ 



vv 



> v 



/\ : - yv G /v< 



*fc v* 









J. -** 



:'M^ \,A : 






** 



' *** 








V 






* 



° I, 



<?> 



o v , 



4 % '• 






^o^ 






A 











■So\ 



^o« 



^ ^ 
-v *_ 



















^s 
^ 



*' 



<? 



























"* 






r 






A DISCOURSE, 



COMMEMORATING THE 



LIFE AND SERVICES 



o? 



DANIEL WEBSTER: 



DELIVERED IN THE 



JANUARY 1st, 1853, 

AT THE REQUEST OF THE CITIZENS. 



BY HORACE MAYNARD. 



KNOXYILLE, TENN: 
PUBLISHED BY A. BLACKBURN & CO. 

1853. 






El 34o 
■ WVU7 



0*1 



DISCOURSE. 



God alone is great — were the initial words of the 
funeral discourse pronounced over the fourteenth Louis 
of France. And if at any tune more than at another, 
Eternal Greatness appears in sublime and solemn con- 
trast with the greatness of earth, it is when we follow 
to their final resting place the remains of the most gift- 
ed and the most honored of her sons. This contrast 
has, during the year just departed, been most sadly 
and impressively forced upon the people of America. 
The bright light of the West has sunk to its setting; 
the great luminary of the North has gone out in the 
night of death. For full forty years, these with a re- 
splendent Southern orb, just extinguished, formed a 
refulgent constellation, whose radiance added more than 
we can tell to the honor and glory of their own coun- 
try, and the brightness of whose rising heralded the 
day-dawn of free principles and good government to 
civilized man all over the world. The deep lessons of 
human frailty, of the evanescent and unsatisfying na- 
ture of worldly ambition, and a world-wide fame, taught 
us by the almost simultaneous departure of these mighty 
rivals and co-equals, in the plenitude of their years 
and their honors, I leave to be enforced on other occa- 
sions, and to the more fitting hands of our public in- 



LIKE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 



structors in religion. Be mine the humbler, yet not less 
welcome office, as the chosen exponent and prolocutor 
of this community, to pay the willing tribute of our 
grateful American hearts, to the memory of the last to 
survive of this noble triad, Daniel Webster, of Massa- 
chusetts. 

Born amid the darkness and trouble of our revolu- 
tionary night* — of a fatherf sprung from the old Puritan 
stock, who, having done the country honorable service 
as a captain in the old French war, of 1755, had set- 
tled in a log cabin on the very frontier of the then 
wilderness of New Hampshire, with not a solitary 
white man between him and Canada; who had fought 
at Bunker Hill and at Bennington as a major under 
John Stark ; his highest ambition in life, the same which 
to this day cheers and determines the heart of so many 
an American father, to raise his children to a condition 
better than his own J — of a mother endowed beyond the 



*At Salisbury, New Hampshire, January 18, 1782. 

| Mr. Webster, in an autobiographical memorandum of his childhood, thus 
speaks of his father — 

"My father, Ebenezer Webster; — born at Kingston, in the lower part of 
the state, in 1739 — the handsomest man I ever saw, except my brother 
E/.ekiel, who appeared to me, and so does he now seem to mc, the very finest 
human form that ever I laid eyes on. I saw him in his coffin— a white fore- 
head — a tinged cheek — a complexion as clear as heavenly light." 

X In a speech delivered by Mr. Webster, at a mass meeting at Saratoga, on 
the 19th of August. 1840, he makes the following allusion to his early life: — 

"It did not happen to me to be born in a log cabin; but my elder brothers 
and sisters were limn in a log cabin, raised amid the snow-drifts of New 
Hampshire, at a period so early that, when the smoke first rose from its 
wide chimney, and curled over the frozen hills, there was no similar evidence 
of a white man's habitation between it and the settlements on the rivers of 
Canada. Its remains still exist. I make to it an annual visit. I carry my 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 5 

ordinary measure of her sex with intelligence, sound 
practical sense, an elevated and enlightened piety, and, 
above all, a woman's pride and devotion to the Corneli- 
an jewels of her heart, her two sons, Daniel and his 
elder brother Ezekiel* — cradled in a region where nature 
wears perpetual her sternest as well as her sublimest look, 
amid storms, and tempests, and ice, and driven siioavs, 
and granite hills — born at such a time, of such parents, 
and surrounded by such influences, the foundations were 
laid, early and deep, of that lofty and earnest patriotism, 
the trait so prominent in Mr. Webster's character. 

children to it, to teach them the hardships endured by the generations which 
have gone before them. I love to dwell on the tender recollections, the kin- 
dred ties, the early affections, and the touching narratives and incidents, 
which mingle with all I know of this primitive family abode. I weep to 
think that none of those who inhabited it are among the living ; and if ever 
I am ashamed of it, or if I ever fail in affectionate veneration for him who 
reared it, and defended it against savage violence and destruction, cherished 
all the domestic virtues beneath its roof, and, through the fire and blood of a 
seven years' revolutionary war, shrank from no danger, no trial, no sacrifice, 
to serve his country, and to raise his children to a condition better than his 
own, may my name and the name of my posterity be blotted forever from 
the memory of mankind.'' — Webster's Works, vol. i: p. 30. 

* "Soon after his settlement in Salisbury, the first wife of Ebcnezer Web- 
ster having deceased, he married Abigail Eastman, who became the mother 
of Ezekiel and Daniel Webster, the only sons of the second marriage. Like 
the mothers of so many men of America, she was a woman of more than 
ordinary intellect, and possessed a force of character which was felt through- 
out the humble circle in which she moved. She was proud of her sons and 
ambitious that they should excel. Her anticipations went beyond the nar- 
row sphere in which their lot seemed to be cast, and the distinction attained 
by both, and especially the younger, may well be traced, in part, to her 
early promptings and judicious guidance." — Everett's Life of Webster, p. 17. 

In a letter written by Mr. Webster, as late as the 17th of March, 1852, to 
John Taylor, the overseer of his estate at Franklin, he thus recurs to the 
memory of his mother. After various instructions in detail, he says : "Take 
care to keep my mother's garden in good order, even if it cost you the wages 
of a man to take care of it." 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 

As a child, I do not learn that Daniel Webster gave 
any remarkable indications of superiority, certainly 
none of precocity. The common schools of the neigh- 
borhood,* to receive whose moderate instructions he was 
sometimes obliged to wade a distance of two or three 
miles throinrh the snows of a northern winter: a few 



* Something more than a year ago, the following letter appeared in the 
National Intelligencer, addressed by Mr. Webster to one of his early teach- 
ers. From other sources than the letter itself, it is known to have covered a 
check for fifty dollars. A kinder man than Mr. Webster never lived. 

"Washington, Feb. 20, 1851. 

Master Tappan: — I thank you for your letter, and am rejoiced to know 
that you are among the living. I remember you perfectly well as a teacher 
of my infant years. I suppose my mother must have taught me to read 
very early, as I have never been able to recollect the time when I could not 
read the Bible. I think Master Chase was my earliest school-master, prob- 
ably when I was three or four years old. Then came Master Tappan. You 
boarded at our house, and sometimes, I think, in the family of Mr. Benja- 
min Sanborn, our neighbor, the lame man. Most of those whom you knew 
in New Salisbury have gone to their graves. Mr. John Sanborn, the son of 
Benjamin, is yet living, and is about your age. Mr. John Colby, who mar- 
ried my oldest sister, Susannah, is also living. On the "North Road" is 
Mr. Benjamin Ilunton, and on the "South Road" is Mr. Pettengil. I think 
of none else among the living whom you would probably remember. 

Yuu have indeed lived a checkered life. I hope you have been able to 
bear prosperity with meekness, and adversity with patience. These things 
are all ordered for us, far better than we could order them for ourselves. 
We may pray for our daily bread ; we may pray for forgiveness of sins ; we 
may pray to be kept from temptation and that the Kingdom of God may 
come, in us, and in all men, and his will everywhere be done. Beyond this, 
we hardly know for what good to supplicate the Divine Mercy. Our Heav- 
enly Father knoweth what we have need of better than we know ourselves, 
and we are sure that his eye and his loving kindness are upon us and around 
us every moment. 

I thank you again, my good old school-master, for your kind letter, which 
has awakened many sleeping recollections; and, with all good wishes, I re- 
main your friend and pupil. Daniel Webster." 

Mu. James Tappan. 

Mr. Tappan died a few days since at Gloucester, Mass., upwards of eighty 
vears of a^e. 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. i 

months tuition at the then recently established Phillips 
Academy at Exeter,* and the private instructions of a 
worthy clergyman of an adjacent parish,-)- furnished him 
the scholastic preparation necessary for admission to 
Dartmouth CollegeJ — the school where he received his 
degrees in the arts, and which, at a subsequent period, 
proved the occasion of one of his most brilliant profes- 
sional triumphs. At this time of his life the future 
orator was so completely in abeyance, that it is told of 
him, he lacked the assurance to go through the ordina- 
ry school-boy exercises in declamation. § To all appear- 
ance he was no more than a rough country lad, with a 
clear black eye, a dark honest visage, a tolerable facili- 
ty in accomplishing his tasks, who w r as sent to school, 



* Phillips Academy, founded at Exeter New Hampshire, in 1781, has its 
name from its liberal founder, John Phillips, L. L. D., and has an income of 
$70,000; with a library of six hundred volumes. The number of its pupils 
is limited to sixty. — Sears' United States, p. 43. 

f Rev. Samuel Wood, of Boscawen. 

J Mr. Webster thus describes his feelings when his father first announced 
his intention to give him a collegiate education. "I remember the very hill 
which we were ascending, through deep snows, in a New England sleigh, 
when my father made known this purpose to me. I could not speak. How 
could he, I thought, with so large a family, and in such narrow circumstan- 
ces, think of incurring so great an expense for me. A warm glow ran all 
over me, and I laid my head upon my father's shoulder and wept. 

§ He relates his experience in declamation while at school at Exeter as fol- 
lows: — 

"I believe I made tolerable progress in most branches which I attended to 
while in this school ; but there was one thing I could not do. I could not 
make a declamation. I could not speak before the school. The kind and 
excellent Buckininster sought especially to persuade me to perform the ex- 
ercise of declamation, like other boys, but I could not do it. Many a piece 
did I commit to memory, and recite and rehearse in my own room, over and 
over again ; yet, when the day came, when the school collected to hear de- 
clamations, when my name was called, and I saw all eyes turned to my seat, 



8 LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 

so it was said, that "he might get to know as much as 
the other boys/' During his academical and professional 
studies, the res angusta dorni — the narrow circumstan- 
ces of his house, an obstacle over which, we are told, 
men do not easily rise, compelled him to practice a strict 
economy ; and that he might eke out his limited resourc- 
es, to devote the intervals of study to teaching, and 
even to the drudgery of copying in the office of a Re- 
gister of Deeds.* 

With a country attorney in Nov; Hampshire,-} - he com- 
menced the study of the law; and continued it in Bos- 
ton with Christopher Gore, a lawyer of eminence, and 
subsequently Governor of Massachusetts. At a proper 
time it might be profitable for the younger members of 
the profession to inquire what studies, what institutes, 
what discipline formed the basis of that great legal repu- 
tation, sufficient of itself to satisfy the most ambitious 
and aspiring.;!; While yet a student, he was offered 



I could not raise myself from it. Sometimes the instructors frowned, some- 
times they smiled. Mr. Buckminster always pressed and entreated, most 
winningly, that 1 would venture. But I never could command sufficient res- 
olution." 

The Rev. .Mr. Buckminster, to whom allusion is here made, was the Rev. 
Joseph Stevens Buckminster, the immediate predecessor of Edward Everett, 
ms Pastor <>f the Church in Brattle street, Boston, who died in early life, I 
believe in Switzerland, whither he had gone for his health. 

•At Fryeburg, .Maine. 1 lis salary as a teacher was about one d.ollar per 
•lay. By his services in the Register's Office, he earned enough to defray 
his boarding and other expenses. — Everett's Life, p. 27. 

f Mr. Thompson, of Salisbury— subsequently member of the House of 
Representatives and the Senate of the United States. 

X "lie diligently attended the Sessions of the Courts, and reported their de- 
cisions. He read with care the leading elementary works of the common and 
municipal law, with the best authors on the law of nations, some of them 
for a second and third time; diversifying these professional studies with a 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 



a clerkship in the Court of Common Pleas in his na- 
tive state, a court in which his father then presided 
as one of the judges. The annual income of the office, 
fifteen hundred dollars, as times then were, was an in- 
dependency, not to say a fortune — the office itself not 
without honor, especially to a young man in the outset 
of his career. His father was anxious that he should 
accept the luring post. He himself was not reluctant. 
But the remonstrances and earnest entreaties of Mr. 
Gore, his preceptor, induced him to prefer a position at 
the bar, with its precarious present emoluments, and 
vexatious, disheartening delay, leading to a splendid and 
almost certain success in the future; rather than the 
profitable and respectable mediocrity of a seat at the 
clerk's table. In 1805, at the age of twenty-three, he 
was admitted to the bar, in Boston ; and, returning to 
New Hampshire, commenced the practice of the law, 
in a small town in the interior of that State. * Follow- 
ing the courts in their circuit he was brought into im- 
mediate contact with a bar, then, as ever since, and 
now, distinguished no less for the general ability of its 

great amount and variety of general reading. Ills chief study, however, 
was the common law, and more especially that part of it which relates to 
the now unfashionable science of special pleading. lie regarded this, not 
only as a most refined and ingenious, but a highly instructive and useful 
branch of the law. Besides mastering all that could be desired from more 
obvious sources, he waded through Saunders' Reports, in the original edi- 
tion, and abstracted and translated into English from the Latin and Norman 
French all the pleadings contained in the two folio volumes. This manu- 
script still remains." 

*Boseawen, where he remained two years, and then went to Portsmouth. 
From there, after a considerable hesitatation between Boston and Albany, 
New York, he went to Boston. 

B 



10 LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 

members, than for their profound and acute learning in 
the principles and practice of the common law. Of 
those whom he thus met I may mention the names of 
Jeremiah Mason, Samuel Dexter and Joseph Story. 
At a single bound he placed himself at their side, if 
not the first in the very first line. For eight successive 
years he applied his whole energies to the toilsome la- 
bors of his profession. We can more than conjecture 
with what assiduity, during all these years, he gave his 
leisure to study, reading not only books of elementary 
and technical law, and the reports of cases adjudged; 
but those things also which serve to enlarge, to illus- 
trate and adorn; history, physical, and metaphysical 
science, and general literature, including, as well the 
ancient classics as the choicest authors in the English 
tongue. The line of practice pursued by him at that 
time, like that which obtains, at this day in this 
part of our own state, brought him into close acquaint- 
ance with the people, to a knowledge of their feelings, 
their wants and their pursuits. No Rhodian school of 
rhetoric and philosophy could so thoroughly accomplish 
the advocate and the statesman, as that stern and vig- 
orous attorney life, among the rough hills and the rough 
people of New Hampshire. 

in 1813, at the age of thirty-one, Mr. Webster en- 
tered Congress for the first time, as a member of the 
House of Representatives from his native state. It 
was a period of uncommon interest in the affairs of our 
ow r n country and of Europe. The French Revolution, 
the Republic and the Empire which supervened, involved 
the great trans-atlantic pow r ers in a series of warfare, un- 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 11 

exampled in modern history. Washington, on retiring 
from the Presidency, in his farewell address to his 
countrymen, had admonished them not to participate in 
the politics of continental Europe, advising them to cul- 
tivate friendly relations with all powers, and to form 
entangling alliances with none ; and such had been the 
cautious, unobtrusive policy of our government. It so 
happened, however, that our neutral rights were very 
little respected by either or any of the belligerents. 
Our commerce was spoiled upon the high seas-; our ves- 
sels were seized, our seamen impressed. Our govern- 
ment opposed these infractions of our rights, by what 
was termed the restrictive system of policy — a policy 
which protected our commerce from spoliation, by an 
embargo upon our shipping; which brought our little 
navy to the hammer, and adopted a system of shore 
defence, original, I believe, and certainly very peculiar. 
The aggressions of Great Britain, at last, proceeded to 
such length, that our government determined to hold 
her responsible by a declaration of war. War had been 
declared in 1812, and was raging with various success 
on the frontiers, when Mr. Webster took his seat in 
Congress, at an extra session, in May, 1813. 

I know not, if the House of Representatives ever 
contained a greater amount of talent, or a greater num- 
ber of distinguished names. In the Speakers chair 
sat Mr. Clay, then in the heyday of his early popular- 
ity. On the floor were Calhoun, and Lowndes, and 
Pickering, and Gaston, and Grundy, and Forsyth, and 
Nathaniel Macon, and William R. King. Although 
Mr. Webster had hitherto been confined to the pur- 



12 LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 



suits of a country lawyer, and had not been honored 
even with a seat in the Legislature of his own state, 
an impression of his ability seems to have preceded 
him at Washington. He was placed by Mr. Clay upon 
the important committee of Foreign Affairs; and rose 
from the first to an undisputed equality with the 
most distinguished; though among the youngest and 
least experienced. His first speech in Congress was 
delivered on the 10th of June, 1813, upon a series of 
resolutions of inquiry, relative to the Repeal of the 
Berlin and Milan Decrees and the British Orders in 
Council. We can conjecture what was the character 
and effect of this early effort, from the opinion ex- 
pressed by Chief Justice Marshall, "that Mr. Webster 
was a very able man, and would become one of the 
very first statesmen in America, and, perhaps, the very 
first," and also, from the remark of Mr. Lowndes "that 
the North had not his equal, nor the South his supe- 
rior. 

An impression has very widely obtained, that Mr. 
Webster at this period of his public life., was arrayed 
in opposition to the war; that his speeches and votes, 
if not in direct hostility to his own government, were, 
at least, wanting in that generous patriotism which 
rallies to the succor of its country in the hour of her 
peril, without waiting to inquire and decide whether 
she be in the right or wrong. We all know how much 
this impression detracted from his great reputation; 
how much it impaired his popularity. In mere justice 
to his memory, it is right that he should be heard on a 
subject so seriously affecting his honorable fame, and I 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL "WEBSTER. 13 

am sure it will give us all pleasure to grant him a hear- 
ing. In a speech in 1814, on encouraging enlistments, 
lie uses the following language expressive of his senti- 
ments, in relation to the war, and the mode of its pros- 
ecution. 

" The humble aid which it would be in my power to render 
to measures of government shall be given cheerfully, if gov- 
ernment will pursue measures which I can conscientiously sup- 
port. If even now, failing in an honest and sincere attempt 
to procure an honorable peace, it will return to measures of 
defence and protection, such as reason and common sense and 
the public opinion all call for, my vote shall not be withholden 
from the means. Give up your futile projects of invasion. 
Extinguish the fires that blaze on your inland frontiers. Es- 
tablish perfect safety and defence there by adequate force. 
Let every man that sleeps on your soil sleep in security. Stop 
the blood that flows from the veins of unarmed yeomanry and 
women and children. Give to the living time to bury and la- 
ment their dead, in the quietness of private sorrow. Having 
performed this work of beneficence and mercy on your inland 
border, turn and look with the eye of justice and compassion 
on your vast population along the coast. Unclench the iron 
frrast) of your embargo. Take measures for that end before 
another sun sets upon you. With all the war of the enemy 
on your commerce, if you would cease to make war upon it 
yourselves, you would still have some commerce. That com- 
merce would give you some revenue. Apply that revenue to 
the augmentation of your navy. That navy, in turn, will pro- 
tect your commerce. Let it no longer be said, that not one 
ship of force, built by our hands since the war, yet floats upon 
the ocean. Turn the current of your efforts into the channel 
which national sentiment has already worn broad and deep to 
receive it. A naval force competent to defend your coasts 
against considerable armaments, to convoy your trade, and, 



14 LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 



perhaps raise the blockade of your rivers, is not a chimera* 
It may be realized. If then the war must continue, go to the 
ocean. If you are seriously contending for maritime rights, 
go to the theatre where alone those rights can be defended. 
Thither every indication of your fortune points you. There 
the united wishes and exertions of the nation will go with you. 
Even our party divisions, acrimonious as they are, cease at the 
water's edge. They are lost in attachment to the national 
character, on the clement where that character is made respect- 
able. In protecting naval interests by naval means, you will 
arm yourselves with the whole power of national sentiment, 
ami may command the whole abundance of the national re- 
sources. In time you may be able to redress injuries in the 
place where they may be offered, and, if need be, to accompa- 
ny your own flag throughout the world with the protection of 



your own cannon."* 



The subject of Mr. Webster's course in relation to 
Hie Avar, was started during a debate in the Senate, in 
March, 1838, between him and Mr. Calhoun — almost 
the only personal encounter that ever occurred between 
these distinguished statesmen. In reply to what may 
have been intended, by Mr. Calhoun, only as a passing 
allusion to a prevailing sentiment, he asks : " Why did 
the gentleman allude to my votes or my opinions re- 
specting the war, at all, unless he had something to 
say? Does he wish to leave an undefined impression 
that something was done, or something said, by me, 
not now capable of defence or justification? He 
means that or nothing. And now, sir, let him bring 
the matter forth; let him take the responsibility of 
the accusation. I am here to answer: I am here 

Kverctt's Life of Washington, p. 39. 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 15 

this day, to answer. Now is the time, and now the 
hour." 

"He speaks of the war; that which we call the late war, 
though it is now twenty-five years since it terminated. He 
would leave an impression that I opposed it. How? I was 
not in Congress when war was declared, nor in public life any- 
where. I was pursuing my profession, keeping company with 
judges and jurors and plaintiffs and defendants. If I had 
been in Congress, and had enjoyed the benefit of hearing the 
honorable gentleman's speeches, for aught I can say, I might 
have concurred with him. But I was not in public life. I 
never had been for a single hour ; and was in no situation, 
therefore, to oppose or support the declaration of war. I am 
speaking to the fact, sir, and, if the gentleman has any fact, 
let us know it. 

Well, sir, I came into Congress during the war. I found it 
waged and raging. And what did I do here to oppose it? 
Look at the journals. Let the honorable gentleman tax his 
memory. Bring up anything, if there be anything, to bring 
up, not showing error of opinion, but showing want of loyalty, 
fidelity to the country. I did not agree to all that was pro- 
posed, nor did the honorable member. I did not approve of 
every measure, nor did he. The war had been preceded by 
the restrictive system and the embargo. As a private individ- 
ual, I certainly did not think well of those measures. It ap- 
peared to me that the embargo annoyed ourselves as much as 
our enemies, while it destroyed the business and cramped the 
spirits of the people. In this opinion I may have been right 
or wrong, but the gentleman was, himself, of the same opin- 
ion. He told us the other day, as a proof of his independence 
of party on great questions, that 'he differed with his friends 
on the subject of the embargo. He was decidedly and unal- 
terably opposed to it.' It furnishes, in his judgment, there- 
fore, no imputation, either on my patriotism, or on the sound- 



1G LIFE AMi SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 

ness of my political opinions, that I was opposed to it also. I 
mean opposed in opinion; for I was not in Congress, and had 
nothing to do with the act creatine the embargo. And as to 
opposition to measures for carrying on the war, after I came 
into Congress, I again say, let the gentleman specify; let liim 
lay his finger on anything calling for an answer, and he shall 
have an answer. 

Mr. President you were, yourself, in the House during a 
considerable part of the time. The honorable gentleman may 
make a witness of you. He may make a witness of any body 
else. He may be his own witness. Give us some fact, some 
charge, something capable, in itself, either of being proved or 
disproved. Trove anything, state anything, not consistent 
with honorable and patriotic conduct, and I am ready to an- 
swer it. 

Sir, 1 am glad this subject has been alluded to in a manner 
which justifies me in taking public notice of it; because I am 
well aware that, for ten years past, infinite pains has been 
taken to find something, in the range of these topics, which 
might create prejudice against me in the country. The jour- 
nals have all been pored over, and the reports ransacked, and 
scraps of paragraphs and half sentences have been collected, 
fraudulently put together, and then made to flare out, as if 
there had been some discovery. But all this failed. The 
next resort was to supposed correspondence. My letters were 
sought for, to learn if. in the confidence of private friendship, 
I had ever said anything which an enemy could make use of. 
With this view, the vicinity of my former residence has been 
searched, as with a lighted candle. New Hampshire has 
been explored, from the mouth of the Merrimac to the White 
Hill-- In one instance, a gentleman had left the state, gone 
five hundred miles off, and died; his papers were examined; a 
letter was found, and 1 have understood it was brought to 
Washington; a conclave was held to consider it, and the re- 
sult was, if there was nothing else against Mr. Webster, the 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 17 



matter had better be let alone. Sir, I hope to make every- 
body of that opinion who brings against me a charge of want 
of patriotism. Errors of opinion can be found, doubtless, on 
many subjects; but as conduct flows from the feelings that 
animate the heart, I know that no act of my life lias had its 
origin in the want of ardent love of country/'* 

That ho differed from the administration in sonic of 
the details of its war policy, is undoubtedly true; that 
he ever bated one jot or tittle in high and heart-felt 
devotion to his country; that by word or act he grave 
comfort or encouragement to the enemy, or checked or 
cooled the ardor which kindled all over the land in the 
common defense, most certainly does not appear. 

Then, as ever after, our great commercial interests 
were among the most cherished objects of his care. 
The experience of centuries established the maxim, 
that the nation controlling the commerce of the world, 
controlled, also, its wealth and political power. Venice 
and Portugal and Holland had, by turns, maintained 
this profitable supremacy. Later, an inconsiderable 
island of the sea, of which, one of her Lyric poets had 



sung. 



"Her march is o'er the mountain wave, 
Her home is on the d^ep," 

by subsidizing commerce, by opening new channels of 
trade, by extending and strengthening her naval pow- 
er, until her tutelary Goddess was said to rule the 
waves, had aggregated her national and individual 
wealth beyond the power of numbers to compute, and 
had extended her colonial dependencies and possessions, 



* Webster's Works, vol. 4, p. 502. 
c 



18 LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 



until, in the gorgeous imagery of Mr. Webster, "her 
morning drum-beat, preceding the vising sun and keep- 
in- company with the hours, encircled the earth daily 
with one unbroken strain of the martial airs of Eng- 
land.'' And it was, from the first, the darling purpose 
of his ambition to see this maritime ascendancy trans- 
ferred to his own country — his own country, the last, 
noblest offspring of Time, stretching from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific shores; traversed by nature with streams, 
which he named not without reason, "inland seas;" 
and by art, with canals and roads capable of unlimited 
self-extension; her soil, kind and fertile beyond exam- 
ple yielding every manner of fruit, and two great sta- 
ples peculiarly her own; extending through every de- 
gree of desirable climate, and blessed above all with a 
government whose constitution it was his chief pride 
to expound and defend — esteeming it nearer to abso- 
lute perfection than any other system which had ever 
united men into a body politic; and wdiose sweet influ- 
ences, he prayed and hoped and trusted, would hold in 
harmonious movemenl the sisterhood of states, down 
to the "lasi syllable of recorded time." What wonder 
then that he burned to meet our haughty foe upon the 
element where ^\ic sat as mistress and without a rival; 
so to conducl the war that our national ensign might 
ll«.,it upon the uttermost verge of the world, safe under 
the protection of our own cannon! What wonder that 
al] American men, who go down to the sea in ships and 
do business on the great dee]), should regard him with 
such especial favor, as their protection and their darl- 
ing pride; that the merchant, in his counting-room, 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 19 



the under-writer, at his desk, the seaman, clinging to 
his favorite bark, that white-winged bird of the ocean, 
yea, the " hardy fisherman in his nigh night-foiindered 
skiff" should feel something of gratitude to God, for 
the slumberless care of this mighty intellect and gener- 
ous heart! 

Elected to Congress a second time from New Hamp- 
shire he continued a member of that body until 181G, 
when he changed his residence and removed to Boston. 
The next six years were devoted to the pursuits of his 
profession. His fame as a lawyer had preceded him; 
but he found another and a very different field for the dis- 
play of his genius. Leaving the rugged and verdureless 
heights of the common law ; he descended to the grace- 
ful and flow T ery champaign of the civil law. Here, in- 
stead of the cunning intricacies of special pleading and 
the ever recurring issue of damage to property, or to 
person, or to plighted word, he had to deal with the 
larger and more liberal practice of equity, with ques- 
tions of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, and grave 
points of constitutional law. He was now thirty-four 
years old, a period of life when the fire and vigor 
of youth begin to be tempered and checked by the bet- 
ter judgment of mature age. Here, and now, came 
into profitable use the treasured labors of the previous 
years. Whether the case in hand was a commercial or 
a mercantile transaction; w r hether it arose out of the 
agricultural or the manufacturing interests, or whether 
it concerned some of the endless details of nautical af- 
fairs, he was equally at home. It not unfrequently 
happened that in investigations, far aside from the sup- 



20 UFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 



posed line of his study and observation, he displayed 
a degree of information accurate, minute and even tech- 
nical to the admiration of courts and juries, counsel 
and clients ; and to the surprise of witnesses who not 
seldom found themselves overmcasurcd in a knowledge 
of their own particular calling. The general public 
can rarely know much of a lawyer's highest profession- 
al triumphs. His forensic labors are seldom witnessed 
by many persons beyond the precincts of the court, or 
if witnessed, not often appreciated. They are preserv- 
ed, if at all, only in the meagre abstract of the report- 
er, to be hurried over by the student of law, that he 
may better apprehend the point of the decision which 
follows. It would be vain, therefore, to inquire, by 
what successive steps Mr. Webster rose, till he stood 
by universal assent at the head of the American bar. 

I trust I may be pardoned for something more than 
a passing allusion to two cases of no small importance, 
in which he was engaged at this period of his career. 
The two cases were analogous in this, that each involv- 
ed the question whether certain acts of state legisla- 
tion were or were not in conflict with the constitution 
of the United States, and for that reason void. In the 
argument of these cases before the highest tribunal of 
the country, he laid the basis of his subsequent fame 
as " the great constitutional lawyer." 

The first was the case of Dartmouth College, and was 
briefly this.* In 1769 the King of England had grant- 
ed a charter to the Trustees of Dartmouth College, 



* The Trustees of Dartmouth College ra. Woodward. 4 Wheaton, 518. 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 21 

with the privileges usually conferred upon similar foun- 
dations. Under this charter they acquired and held a 
considerable estate, and exercised their functions until 
1816, when the Legislature of New Hampshire thought 
proper to re-organize the institution under another 
name, to increase the number of the trustees, and to 
create a board of overseers. The original trustees re- 
fusing to accept the modification of their charter, 
brought suit against the secretary and treasurer of 
the new board for a portion of the corporate property. 
The Supreme Court of their own state had decided 
against them, and they prosecuted a writ of error to 
the Supreme Court of the United States, to try the 
question whether, under the constitution of the United 
States their rights could be modified or infringed with- 
out their assent, by an act of the state Legislature. 
It was Mr. Webster's first appearance before that au- 
gust tribunal. The professional reader sees in the ab- 
stract of his argument given by Mr. Wheaton, a mas- 
terly exposition of the law of eleemosynary corpora- 
tions. But tradition informs us that in the delivery, it 
was a torrent of resistless, burning eloquence. As he 
pressed on to the conclusion, the reminiscences of his 
academic life- thronged upon him, and led him into a 
strain of lofty pathos like the voice of one laden with 
an inspiration of woe. Even the court, accustomed as 
they had long been to the highest efforts of forensic 
skill, were not quite unmoved by the potency of that 
unwonted spell. " For the first hour," said Judge Story 
to a friend, " we listened to him with perfect astonish- 
ment; for the second hour with perfect delight; and 



22 LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 

for the third, with perfect conviction." We know that 
lie gained his cause. And for himself, it is not too 
much to say that lie left the court-room on that day, at 
the age of thirty-six, without a rival in his profession. 
The other case to which I have referred, is that of 
the United States Bank.* The State of Maryland had 
passed a law taxing all foreign banking corporations, 
doing business within her limits; and sought to subject 
the Bank of the United States to this burden. The 
demand being resisted, she directed suit to be brought 
against the cashier of the United States Bank at Bal- 
timore. The courts of Maryland decided in favor of 
the validity of their law. The cashier prosecuted a 
writ of error to the Supreme Court of the United 
States. One great question itvas, whether the Bank of 
the United Slates was constitutional; and a second, 
whether a state government could rightfully tax its 
operations. As a political question, the power of Con- 
gress under the constitution, to establish a bank, had 
been discussed as far hack as the time of Washington. 
But as a legal proposition, it was now presented for the 
first time. Never in a single case was a more formida- 
ble array of counsel. By the side of Mr. Wirt, then 
the Attorney General, stood Mr. Webster and William 
Pinkney; on the other side, were Mr. Hopkinson, 
Mr. Jones, and Luther Martin, all among the very first 
names in American Law. For the purposes of the pre- 
sort occasion, it is enough to say, that Mr. Webster 
was equal to himself. 



• Reported under the narce of McCulloch vs. The State of Maryland et al 
4 Wheaton, 816. 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 2o 

From the first, Mr. Webster was received by the 
people of Massachusetts with unhesitating cordiality, 
and placed in the very front rank of her distinguished 
men. In 1820 he was chosen a Presidential Elector; 
in 1821, witli the elder Adams, and Isaac Parker, a 
member of the convention to revise the constitution of 
the state, a measure rendered accessary by the recent 
separation of the District of Maine into an independent 
state.* In 1822, after repeated nominations to both 
houses of Congress, which he had declined, lie was 
chosen to represent Boston in the House of represen- 
tatives. In 1821 lie was re-elected, with an opposition 
of only ten votes in a pull of live thousand, and again 
in 1820. The following year, 1827, he entered the 
Senate, where he remained until he joined the cabinet 
of General Harrison in 1841. During all these years 
he sustained the reputation of a statesman of the high- 
est order. As a parliamentary debater he had no su- 
perior, and but two rivals. 

At the mention of these three great names, Calhoun, 
Clay, Webster, no one who feels the gushings of a pa- 
triotic heart, but must glow with pride, that he, too, is 

*In a speech made by Mr. Webster at Syracuse, New York, in May, 1851, 
he makes the following allusion to another distinction which was conferred on 
him about this time. " It has so happened that all the public services which I 
have rendered in the world, in my day and generation, have been connected 
with the general government. 1 think I ought to make an exception. I was 
tea days a member of the Massachusetts Legislature, and I turned my 
thoughts to the search for some good object in which I could be useful in 
that position; and, after much reflection, I introduced a bill which, with the 
general consent of both houses of the Massachusetts Legislature, passed 
into a law, and is now a law of the state, which enacts that no man in the 
state shall catch trout in any other manner than in the old way, with an 
ordinary hook and line." 



24 LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 

an American, and that he lived in the day when God 
bestowed these rare gifts upon his country. Their 
greatness marks their age; they have shed a never- 
setting light upon their contemporaries. Well will it 
be if the dazzling contrast do not throw into obscurity 
the ages yet to come. In many points of their charac- 
ter there was a strong resemblance. Each was of a 
genial, happy temper which formed a wide circle of 
admiring, ardent friends, especially young men — each 
had the power in an eminent, though unequal degree, 
of moving masses of men, by the highest style of pop- 
ular oratory — each had unusual skill in the manage- 
ment of deliberative bodies as chairman, and each man- 
ifested the highest diplomatic and administrative abili- 
ties, as a high cabinet officer. 

Mr. Calhoun was peculiarly a theorist, in the favora- 
ble sense of that term — an expositor of abstract truth. 
In his own deep and retired thoughts, lie wrought out 
conclusions, which forced themselves upon him with the 
power of intuitions, and which he urged with a clear, un- 
conscious logic, the secret spring of his brilliant, captiva- 
ting oratory. Had his mind been less happily endowed, 
his opponents would much oftener have found a pretext 
to argue the inconsistency of his political doctrines, and 
lie might have had more frequent occasion to "define 
his position." 

The statesmanship of Mr. Clay was eminently practi- 
cal. 1 1 e possessed the qualities of a great political leader, 
cool, sagacious, daring — appalled by no danger, subdued 
by no defeat . With a judgment that men revered almost 
as an inspiration, and an energy of will which bore down 



- 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 25 

and overrode all opposition, he seldom had recourse to 
artifice, or sought to compass his aims by an indirection. 
Quick to perceive the set of the popular current, as to 
descry the coining storm, he moved on to his end in 
the direction of the one, only turning aside to escape 
the violence of the other. His silvery eloquence, which 
went straight to the heart, and found there an answer- 
ing sympathy, was the trumpet-call with which he ral- 
lied his countrymen, anxious of success only because 
conscious that he was right. 

The prominent trait in the public character of Mr. 
Webster, was conservatism. Cautious and deliberate, 
he scrutinized what was new and untried, and adhered 
to those things whose utility had stood the test of time. 
The ancient landmarks of the constitution, he guarded 
with a sleepless vigilance, whether approached by ex- 
ecutive power, by sectional jealousy, or the seductive 
smile of professed philanthropy. At the same time he 
looked upon that noble instrument as capable of expan- 
sion, to meet the exigencies of the time, and the ever- 
increasing greatness of the country. Rejecting alike 
what Avas merely novel and Avhat had become obsolete, 
he adopted only that Avhich approved itself good, and 
adhered to it no longer after it ceased to be useful. 
While he had an utter aversion for Avhatever Avas un- 
stable, ho had little respect for that sort of consistency 
which merely anchors itself fast in the stream of time 
and permits the great commerce of life to Aoav past. 
The conservatism of Mr. Webster's character appears 
manifest in his oratory, in its subdued tone, its reseiw- 
ed power, and in the constant forbearance in the use of 

D 



ornament and illustration, no less than in the just pro- 
portion of every thought, the exact weight of every 
syllable, which gave to his massive words, as they fell 
from his lips, the perfection of an English classic. 

It is to little profit that we take the precise, or the 
relative altitude of these lofty spirits. Great, they 
confessedly were — the greatest — great in their moral 
and intellectual endowments, great in the incidents of 
their lengthened Eves, great in the just estimation of 
mankind, great in their unfaltering devotion to their 
country, each omnium assensu, dk/nus imperil si tantum 
imperasset. 

Time would fail to recount the many occasions ren- 
dered memorable in congressional annals, by the elo- 
quence of Mr. Webster. That which, for many years, 
was regarded as his^rai^ speech, was delivered in the 
Senate on the 26th of January, 1830, in reply to Mr. 
Hayne, of South Carolina, upon Mr. Foot's resolution. 
Great it undoubtedly was, regarded simply as the 
achievement of a superior intellect; but greater byfar, 
as an exposition of a great constitutional question, 
which had begun to exercise a dangerous influence upon 
the public mind. Those of us who were old enough 
at thai day to take any interest in public affairs, have 
a genera] recollection how the country was excited by 
the doctrine of nullification. Assuming the Virginia 
Resolutions of L798 as the basis of the doctrine.it 
was argued that in case of a plain, palpable and dan- 
gerous violation of the constitution by the general gov- 
ernment, a sovereign state, as a member of the Federal 
compact, might interpose by counter state legislation, 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 27 

to arrest the evil. Acting in the spirit of this doctrine, 
the state of South Carolina had determined to resist 
the execution bv the officers of the Federal Govern- 
ment of the tariff act of 1828, which she deemed un- 
constitutional and ruinous to her interests. 

As it frequently happens, this question was brought 
into the debate upon a subject having no possible con- 
nection with it. In the month of December previous, 
Mr. Foot, a senator from Connecticut, without concert 
with any one, offered a resolution inquiring into the 
expediency of suspending for a time, the surveys of 
the public lands, an inquiry, which, as he stated, had 
been suggested by the report of the Commissioner of 
Public Lands, shewing the average annual sales to be 
scarcely exceeding a million of acres, while there re- 
mained in the market, unsold, upwards of two hundred 
and ten millions. The resolution was opposed by Mr. 
Benton and some others of the western senators, and a 
debate of no special interest had been the result, " Mr. 
Havne," says one who knew him, "was one of the 
younger members of the Senate. lie came forward in 
his native state in 1814, when hardly of age, with 
great eclat — filled in rapid succession, responsible offices, 
and came to the Senate of the United States, in 1823, 
with a reputation already brilliant, and rapidly increas- 
ing. He was active and diligent in business, fluent and 
graceful and persuasive as a debater; of a sanguine and 
self-relying temper, shrinking from no antagonist, and 
disposed to take the part of a champion." 

Opposing the resolution, he espoused the cause of 
the west wdiose interests, he insisted, had been sacri- 



28 LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 



ficed by the general government in the management of 
the public lands; and by the eastern states in particu- 
lar, in their general system of policy. Upon the lat- 
ter point, he dwelt with severity, not to say acrimony. 
A cause of great magnitude had occupied Mr. Webster 
in the Supreme Court,* and he had, up to this time, taken 
no part in the debate. After the adjournment of court, 
he had entered I he Senate, in season to hear a large 
portion of Mr. Ilayne's speech. At the meeting of the 
Senate next day, he replied in vindication of the gen- 
eral government, and in defense of the east, taking 
occasion to make honorable mention of Nathan Dane 
as the author of the ordinance of 1787. His contin- 
ued presence in court being important, he requested, 
through a friend, that the debate might be postponed 
until a future day. Mr. Ilayne objected, and the dis- 
cussion went on. For the greater part of two days 
Mr. ilayne occupied the floor. His tone and manner 
towards Mr. Webster, might have been regarded as of- 
fensive. He assailed New England, and Massachusetts, 
and Mr. Webster in person; making war upon the consti- 
tution, he made a broad avowal of the doctrine of nullifi- 
cation. It is asserted with confidence, I know not how 
justly, that both Ids speeches were the result of a concert- 
ed plan to crush a formidable political opponent and hold 
liim up to public odium. The time selected was pecu- 
liarly inconvenient to Mr. Webster, the topics quite 
beyond tin; range of ordinary debate, and wholly for- 
eign to the subject in hand; the attack sudden, unex- 

•■ As counsel tor the plaintiff, in the case (if James Carver i«. James .Tack- 
Ion, on tin' demise of John Jacob Astor and others, reported 4 Peters 1. 



pected, leaving Mr. Webster no opportunity to prepare a 
reply. When Mr. Hayne sat down Mr. Webster instant- 
ly rose to rejoin, but gave way on a motion to adjourn. 
Early the next day the Senate chamber, and every 
avenue leading to it, were crowded with a dense mass 
of spectators drawn together to witness what was al- 
ways interesting, a speech from Mr. Webster on the 
floor of the Senate. It is impossible, even now, after 
the lapse of twenty-three years, to re-peruse his mag- 
nificent periods, and not kindle with enthusiasm at the 
triumphs of the mighty orator. For two glorious days, 
surrounded by that vast throng of friends who hoped, 
and foes who feared, of his own countrymen and for- 
eigners, he repelled the attacks upon himself, vindicated 
the ancient fame of his beloved New England, and 
clove to the dust the imperious spirit which had dared 
to rear its fiery crest in open hostility to the constitu- 
tion of his country. They who had known him longest 
and best, and most admired his genius, were the most 
astonished at the transcendent display of his power. 
"I never heard anything," said Edward Everett, him- 
self an orator of no mean reputation, " which so com- 
pletely realized my conception of what Demosthenes 
was when he delivered the oration for the Crown/' In 
the fulness of his patriotic generosity he paused to pay 
a noble tribute to South Carolina and her distinguished 
men. "I shall not acknowledge that the honorable 
member goes before me in regard for whatever of dis- 
tinguished talent, or distinguished character South Car- 
olina has produced. I claim part of the honor, I par- 
take in the pride of her great names. I claim them for 



30 LIIMC AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 

countrymen, one and all, the Laurenses, the Rutledges, 
the Rnckneys, the Sumpters, the Marions. Ameri- 
cans all, whose fame is no more to he hemmed in hy 
stale lines, than their talents and patriotism were capa- 
ble of being circumscribed within the same narrow lim- 
its. In their day and generation, they served and 

v G * t/ 

honored the country, and the whole country; and their 
renown is of the treasures of the whole country." 

A few simple, but sublime words were all he thought 
necessary to bestow upon his own state. "Mr. Presi- 
dent, I shall enter on no enconium upon Massachusetts; 
she needs none. There she is. Behold her and judge 
for yourselves. There is her history; the word knows 
it by heart. The past, at least, is secure. There is 
Boston, and Concord, and Lexington, and Bunker Hill, 
and there they will remain forever. The bones of her 
sons falling in the great struggle for independence, now 
lie mingled with the soil of every state from New 
England to Georgia; and there they will lie forever."' 

As he concluded, he rose into that lofty strain of eu- 
logy of the Federal Union, which has been a lesson of 
pat riot ism to American youth, in every school-room all 
over the land, from that day to this. "While the 
I nion lasts, we have high, exciting, gratifying pros- 
pects, spread mil before us, for us and our children. 
Beyond tli.it 1 seek not to penetrate the veil. God 
grant, that in my day at least, that curtain may not 
rise ! God granl that on my vision never maybe open- 
ed what lies behind!" Then turning his eye upward, 
toward the national flag, that ever streams like a me- 
teor from the dome of the capitol, he broke forth into 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 31 

that well-known prayer, which we have just seen so 
completely fulfilled in the happy opportunity of his 
death. 

An attempt on the part of Mr. Hayne to collect and 
reconstruct his shattered argument, drew from Mr. 
Webster a final and condensed reply, which fell with 
the crushing weight of absolute demonstration. The 
battle of nullification had been fought : there could be 
but one such contest; and the great struggle was deci- 
ded forever.* 

In 1841 Mr. Webster entered the cabinet of Gen. 
Harrison, as Secretary of State. He found our foreign 
affairs so much involved as to require a prompt and 
delicate management. For nearly sixty years, a ques- 
tion of boundary had been pending with England, aris- 
ing on the construction of the original treaty, by 
which she acknowledged our independence. A very 
annoying practice prevailed among the British cruisers 
of searching American merchant vessels on the coast 



*I am indebted to my friend, Hon. John H. Crozier, for the following 
anecdote respecting the preservation of this important speech. The morn- 
ing before it was delivered, Mr. Gales, the senior editor of the National In- 
telligencer, met Mr. Webster and asked him if he intended making a speech. 
He replied that he might perhaps speak half an hour. Mr. Gales then pro- 
posed to report him, and did so. In a few days there was a loud demand 
for the speech, and Mr. Webster applied to Mr. Gales for a copy from his 
notes. Mr. Gales was disinclined to undertake the vast labor of writing it 
out. In this dilemma, Mrs. Seaton, his sister, who was familiar with his 
short hand character, procured his notes, copied off about half the speech, 
and sent it to Mr. Webster for his approval, and in a few days, completed 
the rest of it. The great speech was published to the world, from Mrs. Sea- 
ton's draft, with scarcely a revision by the author. The favor was acknowl- 
edged, by Mr. Webster, with a present corresponding to his well-known lib- 
erality. I see the same anecdote confirmed by Mr. Everett, in his Biograph- 
ical Memoir. 



32 LIFE AND SERVICES OK DANIEL WEBSTER, 



of Africa, under the pretense that they were engaged 
in the slave trade. The right to impress her nativc- 
iHirii seamen, to serve in her national ships in time of 
war, was early asserted by Great Britain; its exercise 
among the crews of our vessels, though a grave occa- 
sion of the last war, had been left unsettled by the 
treaty of Ghent, and was still insisted upon. The 
question of boundary ever peculiarly delicate, even in 
the conflict of private titles, was rendered doubly so in 
this instance, as it involved a large portion of the ter- 
ritory of Maine, in which Massachusetts was also in- 
terested. Popular feeling on both sides was highly 
excited, to the imminent hazard of war. So ex- 
igent was the occasion felt to be by England, that she 
despatched to this country a special minister to settle 
the pending difficulty; and for the first time in her di- 
plomatic intercourse with our government, she selected 
for the purpose a high peer of the realm. On a suita- 
ble occasion, it would not be without interest to follow 
the details of the negotiation which followed, and which 
resulted in a treaty alike honorable and satisfactory to 
the high contracting parties. Without disparagement 
of others who participated in the transaction, the world 
has accorded to Mr. Webster alone, the rare honor of 
having, in a few weeks, amidst the ordinary duties that 
pressed upon his department, settled to the satisfaction 
of every body concerned, a controversy which had 
baffled the arts of diplomacy for more than a half a 
century. As Lord Ashburton had no authority from 
his government to treat on the subject of the impress- 
ment of seamen, Mr. Webster closed his official corres- 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL AVEBSTER. 33 



pondence with him by a letter, in which, after a mas- 
terly review of the whole question, he formally and 
officially announces the principle that will hereafter be 
maintained by this government. "In every regularly 

DOCUMENTED AMERICAN VESSEL, THE CREW WHO NAVIGATE IT, 
WILL FIND THEIR PROTECTION IN THE FLAG WHICH IS OVER 

them." Victory in a hundred naval actions could not 
more conclusively have settled the question. 

In 1843 Mr. Webster withdrew from the cabinet to 
the retirement of private life; and in 1845 returned to 
his seat in the Senate. Events of startling magnitude 
followed in rapid succession. One sister republic blend- 
ed the lone star of her national existence in the splen- 
dors of our great American constellation. Another sis- 
ter republic met us at our borders, in the ''pomp and 
circumstance of glorious war." By that war we ex- 
tended wide our territorial limits, and gained that dis- 
tinction abroad usually attendant on martial success. 
The venerated chieftain, under whose auspicious lead, 
our countrymen first went forth into battle, as he came 
home from victory, was hailed by a grateful people as 
a conqueror, and elevated to the highest honor in their 
power to bestow. But at the high noon of our tri- 
umphs, the day was suddenly overcast with clouds, 
and darkness, and an horrible tempest. " The east, the 
north, and the stormy south, combined to throw the 
whole sea into commotion, to toss its billows to the 
skies, and disclose its profoundest depths." The old 
hero-pilot lay powerless at the helm, and the ship was 
driving fast upon an unknown shore. 

•'Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere coelo. ; ' 

E 



34 LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 






We all remember what consternation every where 
prevailed — how the hearts of good men failed them for 
fear, believing that the hour of our final disaster was 
at hand. The wreckers were abroad, eager for their 
miserable booty, and birds of evil omen screamed in 
the sky. When the tumult was at its height, and the 
danger most appalling, the mighty voice of Mr. AVeb- 
ster was heard, not like the voice of Him on Galilee 
who spake with the power of God, " Peace, be still 
but as it might be in prayer and strong crying to the 
awful Presence, that holds the winds and restrains the 
waves. 

The speech delivered by Mr. Webster on the 7th of 
March, 1 850,in the Senate for "the Constitution and the 
Union," towers immeasurably above the general eleva- 
tion of his greatness. The entire absence of all local 
and personal topics; the spirit of concession, alike gen- 
erous and just; the all-pervading sentiment of national- 
it}', that regards the whole country and its largest des- 
tinies, will, to all time, commend this unparalleled ora- 
tor}' to the best judgment and the best feelings of 
every true American. I know not where to look for a 
sublinier example of self-devotion, of moral heroism. 
Fully conscious of the peril, he made up his mind, he 
said, to embark alone on what he was aware would 
prove a stormy sen. because in that case, should final 
disaster ensue, there would be but one life lost. "I 
wish to speak to-day," so he began, "not as a Massa- 
chusetts man, nor as a, northern man, but as an Ameri- 
can, and a member of the Senate of the United States." 
" 1 have a part to act, not for my own security or safe- 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 35 

ty, for I am looking out for no fragment upon which to 
float away from the w T reck, if wreck there must be, but 
for the good of the whole, and the preservation of all ; 
and there is that which will keep me to my duty during 
this struggle, whether the sun and the stars shall ap- 
pear, or shall not appear for many da} r s. I speak to- 
day for the preservation of the 11111011." Such was the 
lofty style of patriotism, the rapt spirit of self-devo- 
tion, with which he craved the audience of his distract- 
ed country. So recent is the event, so deeply were 
our own fears and hopes involved in the mighty 
issue, that w r e can imagine w T e hear still the majestic 
argument which followed, the pathetic appeals, the 
tones of distress, of anguish, w T ith which the aged pa- 
triot dwelt upon the dismemberment of his beloved 
republic. " I w r ould rather hear," so he exclaimed, " of 
natural blasts and mildews, war, pestilence and famine, 
than to hear gentlemen talk of secession. To break up 
this great government, to dismember this glorious coun- 
try! to astonish Europe with an act of folly such as 
Europe for two centuries, has never beheld in any gov- 
ernment or in any people ! No, sir ! No, sir ! There 
will be no secession." As he himself said a few days 
afterwards of the departed Calhoun, we might ima- 
gine that we beheld a Senator of Rome while Rome 
survived.* 



*Au intelligent and highly accomplished woman of South Carolina, now 
resident in Washington, thus speaks of the appearance of Mr. Webster, 
■while delivering this speech. "I was very near him in the Senate, when he 
delivered his truly national speech, and not very far off sat our own physi- 
cally emaciated, but still majestic Calhoun. My eyes were riveted in venera- 
tion and hope, first on one, and then on the other of these two blazing lights 



3G LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 



We remember well what a peal of joy went up all 
over the land, like a jubilant hymn, from every patri- 
otic heart. Men felt that a great crisis was past, that 
the liberties of their country were still safe. From 
the remotest north to the remotest south, the dweller 
in the city and the dweller on the prairie, blessed God 
alike as they read these noble words, inscribed by the 
venerable Senator to his constituents, the people of 
Massachusetts, in a dedication profoundly respectful to 
them, but equally respectful to himself.* 

We remember, too, how he w r as assailed by the arch 
conspirators who had compassed the dishonor and the 
disruption of their country — how he was turned away 
from the portals of Faneuil Hall, by the civil authori- 

of gcuius; and I was delighted afterwards to hear that Mr. Calhoun, just be- 
fore lie died, remarked, that, although Webster had been his political oppo- 
nent all his life, he had always been forced to approve in him, one striking 
moral peculiarity, namely, that he could not speak with power on any sub- 
ject, if that subject did not command the entire consent of his intellectual 
judgment that it was right and true, Webster's manner on the momentous 
occasion when he delivered this great speech, was that of a man who fully 
comprehended the solemnity of his attitude as a national peace-maker, and 
had also fully counted the cost of offending perhaps his political constituents 
at the North. In general society, at Washington, Webster's manner is cold 
and abstracted; but when he stands up to make a speech in the Senate, he 
is certainly the most august, commanding and god-like-looking specimen of 
dignified manhood, that could be found in the world. No one, I assure you, 
on this earth, looks like Daniel Webster." Mrs. Schoolcraft's Letters to her 
Brother. P. 1. 

*The dedication was couched in the following terms. 

'• Willi the highest respect, and the deepest sense of obligation, I dedicate 
this Bpeech to the people of Massachusetts, 

'II ego j ratiora dictu alia esse seio: sed me vera pro gratis loqui, cts 
meum ingenium non moneret, necessitas cogit. Vellem, equidcm, vobis pla- 
cerc; sed multo malo vos salvos esse, qualicumque erga me animo futui-i es- 
ti> ' Daniel Webster." 




ties of that self-same city which had profited by the 
best labors of his life, and which, more than any other 
man, he had contributed to build up and adorn ; how 
he, in the heart of that city, and in the midst of a po- 
litical cabal, whose corruption and profligacy were 
equalled only by the hatred with which they hunted 
him down, threw back upon his pursuers those memo- 
rable words of defiance, " I tread no step backward ;" 
and how these zealots of evil pressed on in full cry, 
railing at his triumphs, and exulting in his defeat, even 
to the very day of his death. And we have seen the 
same malignant spirits, emulous of those unclean beasts 
which violate the sepulchre and raven upon the remains 
of the dead, seeking to go down into his grave that 
they might write words of infamy upon his coffin-lid. 
It is well — well for us — well for him, the object of 
such savage hate. There needed such an exhibition 
of malice to unmask the purposes of those professed 
philanthropists, who meditate treason under the sacred 
names of conscience and a law higher than the consti- 
tution of their country. 

I understand that Mr. Webster's friends design to 
associate his memory with some work of art, in its 
higher manifestations. What would be better worthy 
his great fame, and more acceptable to his countrymen, 
than a historic picture of the aged statesman, in the 
act of delivering this, his greatest speech ? Conspicuous 
among the admiring listeners should be the venerable 
form of Mr. Clay ; and Mr. Calhoun with the pallor of 
death on his cheek, waiting to hear the patriotic words of 
his friend and compeer before he shall depart, Cass, too, 



38 LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 

his early companion and school-mate should he there; and 
his own colleague, the honesty of whose character has as- 
sociated itself, by an inseparable epithet, with his name. 
Had not Mr. Webster been the first of jurists and 
the first of statesmen, his literary reputation, alone, 
would have made him eminent. He was a ripe schol- 
ar — few more so, even of those whose lives are passed 
in immediate connection with the schools. That he 
should be an orator, was matter of course, in a country 
whore oratory is universally practised, and where it is 
essential to professional and to political success. That 
he pained such eminence with the great orators of his 
country, gives him rank with the few gifted speakers, 
who have appeared in the world from age to age. The 
felicity of his style, '-uniting," as has been well said, 
the " massive solidity of his native granite, with the pol- 
ish of the Parian marble/'* has given to his speeches and 
his writings a very high rank in our national literature. 
Posterity will hang with rapture upon his glowing 
words, ami bend their pilgrim steps with new venera- 
tion towards those hallowed spots — rendered doublv 
interesting by the unfading splendor of his eloquence — 
Plymouth Rock, Bunker Hill, the graves of Adams 
and Jefferson, and the magnified Capitol of the coun- 
try. ILis own great reputation, embalmed in his im- 
mortal pages, will go down to other times, undimmed, 
bill increasing rather, while the memory of his illustri- 
ous contemporaries shall, perchance, fade away in the 
uncertain twilight of tradition. 



*IIon. William B. Reese. 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 39 



To us who know Mr. Webster only in his public re- 
lations, as a lawyer, a statesman, and a man of letters, 
it may not be uninteresting or uninstructive to know 
something of the private, personal habitudes of the 
man; — to know how completely, he was identified with 
his neighbors in all their local affairs; how he favored 
their schools; with what cordial friendship he associa- 
ted with their learned men; how sedulously he cher- 
ished all their great industrial interests ; how well he 
studied their history and their character, and so gained 
their confidence, that for more than thirty years his 
word was law to New England ; how with more than a 
father's care he brought forward and encouraged their 
young men, thus gathering around him a circle of per- 
sonal friends, ever ready to offer the highest proofs of 
their singular devotion; how T kind and gentle and even 
playful he was in the bosom of his own family, as a 
son, a brother, a husband, a father. lie had a decided 
taste for rural pursuits and amusements. And yield- 
ing to the strong predilection for agriculture, so com- 
mon with the legal profession of the United States, he, 
many years ago, became the owner of a farm in Marsh- 

%> J CD ' 

field, a little seaboard town, in the southern part of 
Massachusetts. There, in the very eye of the ocean, 
may be said to have been his home. There he was 
fond of retiring for relaxation from the toils of his pro- 
fession, and the duties of office. There he loved to 
gather his friends around him and indulge a large- 
hearted, generous hospitality. There were his books, 
in whose instructive and delightful society w T ere spent 
so many of his leisure hours. There dwelt the living 



40 LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 

loved ones of his home, and the faithful servants, 
bought with his own money, who continued their will- 
ing service, in a land where they might have been at 
least nominally free.* There on a little eminence, that 
looks out upon the sea, lay the early wife, and all, save 
one, of the children, side by side, in their final sleep. 
There too, said lie, in his will, written a few days be- 
fore his death, " I wish to be buried without the least 
show or ostentation, but in a manner respectful to my 
neighbors, whoso kindness has contributed so much to 
the happiness of me and mine, and for whose prosperi- 
ty I offer sincere prayers to God." 

Among those neighbors to whose kindness this touch- 
ing allusion is made, he had a character very different 
from the great reputation he sustained abroad. Of sim- 
ple habits and retired lives, they deemed him almost, if 
not altogether such an one as themselves. Interested 
alike in the alternations of seed-time and harvest, in the 
increase of the cattle and the products of the field, there 
wanted not abundance of talk upon these absorbing 
themes, while they were ready, not always unasked, to 
give him the result of their larger experience and nicer 
observation upon the prognostics of the weather or the 
state of tin; crop. No keener sportsman than he ever 

*The following provisions of his will, shew the interest he felt in their 
welfare. 

"Item. My servant William Johnson is a freeman. I bought his free- 
dom, not long ago, for >\x hundred dollars. No demand is to be made upon 
him for any portion of this sum, but so long as is agreeable, 1 hope he will 
remain with the family. 

hem. Morricha M'Carty, Sarah Smith, and Ann Bean, colored persons, 
now also, and for a long time in my service, are all free. They arc very well- 
deserving, and whoever conies after me must be kind to them." 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 41 

followed the game. No fisherman more eagerly launch- 
ed his boat upon the wave ; or, returning with the finny 
spoil, engaged with a more skillful hand, in preparing 
the fisherman's peculiar and favorite repast. With 
them, on the Sabbath, he repaired to the village church ; 
and when he died, six of their number bore him to his 
burial — the same sad office they had seen him perform 
for others of their dead, and which they, in their turn, 
hoped from some friendly hand, in like maimer, to receive. 
Some things about him, a certain abstraction of look, 
an occasional outburst of sentiment, they may not have 
quite understood; and possibly they may have argued 
an unwise neglect of his affairs, from his frequent and 
prolonged absence, and from his attention to so many 
strangers wdio came and went with so little appearance 
of business. Such was Mr. Webster at Marshfiold. 
How completely he there laid aside his senatorial dig- 
nity, how rustic his habits, how plain and unostenta- 
tious his garb, is attested by many a well-told anecdote 
of pretensions city gentlemen, mistaking him for no 
more than an ordinary, respectable citizen, and being 
ashamed of their conduct only when they discovered 
their mistake. 

In thus dwelling upon the finer traits of an illustri- 
ous character, the outgoing sympathies of a large na- 
ture, it is pleasure, it is wisdom rather, not to inquire 
how far, or in what particular he may have shared in 
the general infirmity, which has formed a portion of 
man's natural inheritance ever since the Fall. The 
angel-spirit of charity has dropped a tear upon the 
darker record, and blotted it out forever. 



I- LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 

The Writings of Mr. Webster afford abundant proof 
of his profound admiration for the christian religion. 
"He labored in its light; he journeyed in its hope." 
From a period of infancy, beyond the reach of 
memory, he had been taught by his pious mother to 
read the words of inspiration; and as he read, we are 
told, rude men drew nigh and stood still to listen, at- 
tracted by the charm of his youthful accents. And, so 
from vouth to mellow age, ho had lovingly and diLi- 
gently pondered the wondrous Book. Few men so 
familiar as he, with its very words. The general seri- 
ousness and earnestness of his language corresponded 
well with the frequent use of bible imagery, of which 
he was very fond, especially the sublime metaphor of 
its poetry and the prophecies. On all suitable public 
occasions, whether on Plymouth Rock, in the chamber 
of tin; American Senate, or the Supreme Court of the 
United States, he never failed to recognise the awful 
authority of Jehovah, and in the height of his "great 
argument" to 

"Assert eternul Providence, 

Ami justify tin' ways of < i<nl to man." 

Bui his own loftier and better words can alone do jus- 
li<-<> to this, the crowning glory of his character. 

When, a few years ago, in the Supreme Court of the 
I oited States, he resisted the attempt of Grirard, in 
the endowment of the OrphanAsylum, which bears his 
name, to separate charity from the teachings of that 
Gospel, of which it is declared to be the loveliest grace; 
and to instruct fatherless children in a code of morality, 
unblest by the religion of Jesus, he addressed himself 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 43 

to a masterly vindication of Christianity, and the holy 
men who minister at her altars.* I think it would be 
difficult, in the wide compass of human language, to 
find anything more convincing. Arguing the para- 
mount duty of imparting religious instruction to the 
young, he said: "There is an authority still more im- 
posing and awful. When little children were brought 
into the presence of the Son of God, his disciples pro- 
posed to send them away, but he said ; ' Suiter little 
children to come unto me,' unto me; he opened at once 
to the youthful mind the everlasting fountain of living 
waters, the only source of eternal truths; 'Suffer little 
children to come unto me? And that injunction is of per- 
petual obligation.' It addresses itself to-day, with the 
same earnestness and the same authority which attend- 
ed its first utterance to the christian world. It is of 
force every where and at all times. It extends to the 
ends of the earth; it will reach to the end of time, al- 
ways, and every where sounding in the ears of men, 
with an emphasis which no repetition can weaken, and 
with an authority which nothing can supersede — 'suf- 
fer little children to come unto me.'" 

Speaking of the wholesale opprobrium cast by the in- 
fidel donor upon the whole body of the christian clergy, 
by excluding them from the precincts of this charitable 
institution, always and for all purposes, even for visit- 
ing the sick or administering consolation to the dying, 
though perchance the sick or dying might be a nephew 



* The case to -which I allude is that of Francois Fenelon Vidal and others 
vs. The Mayor, Aldermen and Citizens of Philadelphia and others, reported in 
2 Howard, 127. 



44 LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL "WEBSTER. 

or a grand-child, " Sir," he proceeds, with more than 
his accustomed emphasis, "I take it upon myself to 
say, that in no country in the world, upon either conti- 
nent, can there he found a body of ministers of the 
Gospel who perforin so much service to man, in such a 
full spirit of self-denial, under so little encouragement 
from government of any kind, and under circumstances 
almost always much straitened and often distressed, as 
the ministers of the Gospel in the United States, of all 
denominations. This body of clergymen has shown, 
to the honor of their own country and to the astonish- 
ment of the hierarchies of the Old World, that it is 
practicable in free governments to raise and sustain, by 
voluntary contributions alone, a body of clergymen, 
which, for devotedness to their sacred calling, for purity 
of life and character, for learning, intelligence and pie- 
ty, and that wisdom which cometh from above, is infe- 
rior to none, and superior to most others. 

This was the honorable testimony of the great civil- 
lian to these excellent men, and the teachings of their 
divine .Master, honorable, doubtless, to them, but, by a 
rellex exhibition of sentiment and opinion, doubly 
honorable to himself. 

In the private unconstrained intercourse with his 
friends, his gifted intellect was often displayed in the 
discussion of kindred topics, in criticism upon the Holy 
Word, in the recitation of admired and favorite passa- 
ges, in considering his individual responsibility to God, 
and his hope of salvation through the Gospel of Jesus. 

Such was Mr. Webster in life. Death came in fitting 
conclusion to the stately epic. On the eighteenth of 



January last, the days of his years were three score 
years and ten. In early summer, while riding- with a 
friend, he is thrown from his carriage, and receives a 
severe injury from the fall. In a few weeks he is again 
at his post, grappling with what strength he may, the 
unexpected difficulties that spring upon him in the ad- 
ministration of our foreign affairs. But as summer 
wears away, the wasting powers give mournful token 
of decay. At last the giant oak seems tottering to its 
fall. When the serene days of Autumn come, he will 
retire, for a little, to the quiet of his ocean home, there 
to recruit his energies and revive his spirits with the 
voices of friends, the lowing of herds, and the falling 
of the leaf. It so falls out that a party of jocund 
youths visit the grounds around his mansion, blithe 
with song and bridal joy. Under the shadow of that 
old elm tree he will meet them and bless them with an 
old man's blessing. He has gone forth for the last 
time. He knows that the sand has almost run ; and 
makes haste to set his house in order. To an official 
dispatch he has, with an effort affixed his name, and 
the great statesman's work is done. His last will and 
testament has been ensealed; and he has given full di- 
rections for the conduct of his affairs, not forgetting the 
details of his burial. Hour by hour, from that cham- 
ber of death, go forth tidings of sorrow, borne by the 
viewless messenger of the air, to anxious millions all 
over the land. One by one, his family and waiting 
friends draw near to receive his parting words, in deep 
affliction, but sustained by his great example. It is 
night, the week and the day are almost passed. He 



4G LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 

prays: "Heavenly Father forgive my sins, and receive 
me to thyself through Christ Jesus." He has now 
done with earth, and awaits the coming of death, with 
unclouded vision. Thick-coming fancies crowd upon 
him. His mighty spirit rises higher and farther from 
things below T , until it wings its way back to the bosom 
of its God. "It is a night much to be remembered." 
That Sabbath morning broke, as it might be, with a 
holier light as the tolling of the village bell announced, 
after the fashion of New England, that another aged 
man had gone. And as the sad announcement flew on 
the wings of the morning, there went up a universal 
wail for the dead; the great national heart ceased to 
beat; men paused in the work of party strife, and all 
who loved their country united in public demonstrations 
of sorrow. 

There, upon that chosen eminence, which looks out 
upon the sea, they have buried him, the greatest of his 
lace, without parade or ostentation. No military or 
civic honors, no costly pageantry, no ducal magnificence, 
no stately hatchments or gorgeous funeral car, nothing, 
save his own great name, the unwonted throng, the 
more impressive sorrow distinguish him in death, 
from the humblest of men. The walls of no ancient 
abbey encompass his grave; no organ, with solemn 
stop, swells the notes of his requiem. He sleeps pa- 
vilioned by the sable robes of autumn, the music of the 
moaning wave his only dirge. 

Fellow-citizens, I have thus, according to my meas- 
ure, gi ven expression to our common sorrow. Words of 



! I 



LIFE AND SERVICES OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 47 

eulogy are alone for the living; they profit not the 
dead, in. the unhealing .silence of the tomb. These 
have burst, like live coals, from the lips of eloquent 
men, all over the land, and on either continent. I have 
not ventured beyond the simple story of his life. Qua- 
lis end. I have attempted no analysis of his acknowl- 
edged powers; still less have I sought to select and 
assign his particular niche in the Temple of Fame, 
either beside or above the historic names of modern or 
ancient days. The time is not yet. We are too near, 
too much in the shadow of the mountain. We must 
wait until distant years shall blend and harmonize the 
vast proportions, and throw into finer light the outline 
of the giant form. Through long years, to most of us, 
our life-time, the name of Daniel Webster had been a 
household word. He was a great man, and loved our 
country. And when the tidings came that he was no 
more, you remember what sadness brooded upon our 
hearts. All life stood still. The merchant closed his 
ledger, the artizan dropped the implements of his calling, 
the steed remained in the stall. The faces of men, no 
less than the tolling of bells, betokened our sympathy 
in the general bereavement. We felt that a great pillar 
of the republic had crumbled. We read an awful and 
affecting lesson. And when we beheld his departing 
spirit no longer in mortal form, but shadowy and grand, 
withdrawn forever from our straining gaze, his living 
fame and his immortal memory blended in solemn in- 
vocation upon our patriotism to rally with new* ardor 
around our united country and her constitution. 



Knoxville, January 31, 1853. 
Horace Maynabd, Esq. 

Dear Sir: — Deprived of an earlier opportunity, by your pro- 

iWional absence, we have the pleasure of asking, for publication, in behalf 

of the citizens of Knoxville, a copy of the address delivered by yourself in 

honor of Daniel Webster. 

Selected, unanimously, by Town Meeting, for the performance of that 

grateful but difficult task, you have the thanks of our citizens for cheerful 

compliance, and an evidence of their estimate of the ability with which it 

ivj- executed, in the request which we have the honor to make. 

Very respectfully, 

S. R. ROPGERS, 1 -_ .„ 
D. L. OOM1N. ' I Committee. 



a ft 1*1. 


















: 



0' 



^ 

«-», 



\ « • • 






























o 






o w « <, <?, 



*>*-. 



,v 



^_> ^ 



o 













\^ 






o 



^„^ 



> v 






r* 



















VV 









■, 






c o 






^ <^ 






c* 






o V 






^ 



. > V 






^ 

































*1 



0" 


















* 









S* 



•^*"- \/ #i^ *<^«* ."*^* " 





< V °^ ° » ° a. ^ e ' 1 

. . « G 




